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Titicaca (in the hispanicized spelling) or Titiqaqa (Quechua) is a large, deep lake in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia. By volume of water, it is the largest lake in South America.〔Grove, M. J., P. A. Baker, S. L. Cross, C. A. Rigsby and G. O. Seltzer 2003 Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology'' 194:281-297.〕〔Rigsby, C., P. A. Baker and M. S. Aldenderfer 2003 Fluvial History of the Rio Ilave Valley, Peru, and Its Relationship to Climate and Human History. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology'' 194:165-185.〕 Lake Maracaibo has a larger surface area, though some consider it to be a large brackish bay due to its direct connection with the sea. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world, with a surface elevation of .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Highest Lake Elevations in the World )〕 Although this refers to navigation by large boats, it is generally considered to mean commercial craft. For many years the largest vessel afloat on the lake was the 2,200-ton, SS ''Ollanta''. Today the largest vessel is probably the similarly sized, but broader, train barge/float ''Manco Capac'', operated by PeruRail (berthed, as of 17 June 2013, at , across the pier from the ''Ollanta''). At least two dozen bodies of water around the world are at higher elevations, but all are much smaller and shallower.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Highest Lake in the World )〕 ==Overview== The lake is located at the northern end of the endorheic Altiplano basin high in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia. The western part of the lake lies within the Puno Region of Peru, and the eastern side is located in the Bolivian La Paz Department. The lake is composed of two nearly separate sub-basins connected by the Strait of Tiquina, which is across at the narrowest point. The larger sub-basin, ''Lago Grande'' (also called ''Lago Chucuito''), has a mean depth of and a maximum depth of . The smaller sub-basin, Wiñaymarka (also called ''Lago Pequeño'', "little lake"), has a mean depth of and a maximum depth of .〔Dejoux, C. and A. Iltis (editors) 1992 ''Lake Titicaca: A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge''. 68. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.〕 The overall average depth of the lake is .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Data Summary: Lago Titicaca (Lake Titicaca) )〕 Five major river systems feed into Lake Titicaca.〔Roche, M. A., J. Bourges, J. Cortes and R. Mattos 1992 Climatology and Hydrology of the Lake Titicaca Basin. In ''Lake Titicaca: A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge'', edited by C. Dejoux and A. Iltis, pp. 63-88. Monographiae Biologicae. vol. 68, H. J. Dumont and M. J. A. Werger, general editor. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.〕 In order of their relative flow volumes these are Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Huancané, and Suchez.〔 More than twenty other smaller streams empty into Titicaca, and the lake has 41 islands, some of which are densely populated. Having only a single season of free circulation, the lake is monomictic,〔Cross, S. L., P. A. Baker, G. O. Seltzer, S. C. Fritz and R. B. Dunbar 2001 Late Quaternary Climate and Hydrology of Tropical South America Inferred from an Isotopic and Chemical Model of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia and Peru. ''Quaternary Research'' 56(1):1-9.〕〔Mourguiart, P., T. Corrége, D. Wirrmann, J. Argollo, M. E. Montenegro, M. Pourchet and P. Carbonel 1998 Holocene Palaeohydrology of Lake Titicaca Estimated from an Ostracod-Based Transfer Function. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology'' 143:51-72.〕 and water passes through Lago Huiñaimarca and flows out the single outlet at the Río Desaguadero,〔Baucom, P. C. and C. A. Rigsby 1999 Climate and Lake Level History of the Northern Altiplano, Bolivia, as Recorded in Holocene Sediments of the Rio Desaguadero. ''Journal of Sedimentary Research'' 69(3):597-611.〕 which then flows south through Bolivia to Lake Poopó. This only accounts for about 10% of the lake's water balance. Evapotranspiration, caused by strong winds and intense sunlight at high altitude, balances the remaining 90% of the water loss. It is nearly a closed lake.〔〔〔Talbi, A., A. Coudrain, P. Ribstein and B. Pouyaud 1999 Computation of the Rainfall of Lake Titicaca Catchment During the Holocene. ''Géosciences de Surface'' 329:197-203.〕 Since 2000 Lake Titicaca has experienced constantly receding water levels. Between April and November 2009 alone the water level dropped by , reaching the lowest level since 1949. This drop is caused by shortened rainy seasons and the melting of glaciers feeding the tributaries of the lake.〔Carlos Valdez: (''Lake Titicaca at dangerously low level'' ) - website of the Sydney Morning Herald (accessed 2009-11-28)〕〔(''Lake Titicaca evaporating away (video)'' ) - report by al Jazeera (accessed 2009-11-28)〕 Water pollution is also an increasing concern because cities in the Titicaca watershed grow, sometimes outpacing solid waste and sewage treatment infrastructure. According to the Global Nature Fund (GNF), Titicaca's biodiversity is threatened by water pollution and the introduction of new species by humans.〔http://www.globalnature.org/35193/Living-Lakes/America/Lake-Titicaca/resindex.aspx〕 Already in 2012, the GNF nominated the lake "Threatened Lake of the Year". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lake Titicaca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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